Structuralism

Welcome readers !

🔳 Structuralism :-

                     Structuralism is an approach to analyzing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure. For example, a literary critic applying a structuralist literary theory might say that the authors of West Side  Story did not write anything " really " new, because their work has the same structure as  Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. In the both texts a girl and boy  fall in love with despite the fact that they belongs to two groups that hate each others (" Boy's group - girl's group" or " opposing forces")  and conflict is  revolved by their death .

🔳 Gerard Genette :-

                  Gerard Genette  ( 1930 - 2018 ) was a French literary theorist, associated in particular with the structuralist movement and search figures as Roland Barthes and Claude Levi-Strauss. From whom he adopted the concept of bricolage .   Genette writes at the outset  in his essay 'Structuralism and Literary Criticism'. Genette believes  that structural criticism is untainted by any of the transcended reduction of psychoanalysis for Marxist explanation. And he writes " It exerts , in its own way , a sort of internal reduction traversing the substance of the work in order to reach its bone structure : certainly not a superficial examination, but a sort of radioscopic penetration  and all the more external in that it is more penetrating .

                       Genette in Narrative Discourse : An essay in method  , he used five main concepts . And this five main concepts are ,
▪️ Order
▪️ Frequency
▪️ Duration
▪️ Voice
▪️ Mood

♣️ Order :- 

           Say a story is a follows : murder occurs ( event A ); then the circumstances of the murderer are revealed to  a detective (event B) finally murder is a cought (event c ).

🔳 TV serial and film :-

                        T.V.  serial CID and other serials like Crime Patrol, Savdhan India, Arjun helps us to understand NARRATOLOGY . We find that structure of all the serial is same . For example murder found by detective . This structure is same in every episode but they make changes presenting it .

♣️ Frequency :-

          The separation between an event and its narration allows several possibilities .

• An event can occur once and be narrated once.
• an event can occur n time and be generated once ( iterative ).
• An event can occur once and be narrated n time  ( repetitive) .
• an event can occur n time and be narrated n time (multiple ) .

♣️ Duration :-

                 The separation between an event and its narration means that there is  discourse time and narrative time .

♣️ Voice :-

             Voice is concerned with who narrates, and from where. This is this can be split for ways :

• Intra - diegetic : inside the text
• Extra - diegetic : outside the text
• Hero - diegetic : the narrator is not a character in the story .
• Homo -diegetic : the narrator is a character in the story .

                           In the PK  movie Anushka Sharma played the role of heroine and narrator , who narrated story different perspective .  PK is satirical comedy is based on challenging the superstition labelled as religious practices in Indian society . It became all the  more interesting to see the depiction of religion in this film using strong narratives along with visual representation  to deal with the issue of faith . 

♣️ Mood :-

                   Gennete said  narrative mood is dependent on the 'distance' and 'perspective' of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant petterns. It is related to voice .


🔳 Reference :-

https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2015/03/structuralism-and-literary-criticism.html?m=1

Thanks you ..........

                        

                         

Thinking Activity : Northrop Frye

Archetypal criticism

by

Northrop Frye

💠 Welcome readers !

                       This is my blog is based on our thinking activity task . So first I will give you brief introduction about Northrop Frye.

♦️ Northrop Frye :-

"The poet, however, uses these two crude, primitive, archaic forms of thoughts (simile and metaphor) in the most uninhibited way, because his job is not to describe nature but to show you a would completely absorbed and possessed by the human mind".

~ Northrop Frye

                          Northrop Frye his full name is Herman Northrop Frye ( born July 14 1912 , Died Jan. 23 1991 ) was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century . he was the first critic to postulate a systematic theory of criticism 'the workout' in his own word a unified commentary on the theory of literary criticism . Frye identified formulas as the convential myth and metaphor which he calles " archetypes ".

◾ What is archetypal criticism ? what does the archetypal critic do ?

" In the literary criticism the term archetype denotes recurrent narratives designs, patterns of action, character-types, themes, and images which are identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature ".

                            Archetypal criticism as it applies to literature is a form of criticism "that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myth and archetypes." Rather than looking at the other aspect of the literary criticism focuses on searched the archetype present . Archetypes are "an original model of a person, ideal example, or a prototype upon which others are copied, patterned, or emulated " with regards to literature, this usually refers to ancient model like those form myth . Carl G. Jung (1875 - 1961) applied the term "archetype" to what he called "primordial  image" to 'phychic residue' of repeated patterns of experience in our very ancient which, he maintained, survive in the 'collective unconscious' of the human race and are expressed in myth, religion, dream and private fantasies as well as in the work of literature .

◾ What is a frye trying prove by giving analogy of physics to nature and criticism to literature ?

                             Northrop Frye's Archetypal  of Literature, provided a structural study of literature and its recurrent themes, techniques, symbols, etc. in body of knowledge and to distinguish it from its study I.e.  criticism. Just as physics is the study of nature. However one can't possible 'learn literature' and therefore order to establish literature as an organised body of knowledge, criticism should be treated from literature. Hence criticism should be treated as a science and subsequently be separated from literature. Hence criticism should be treated as an individual branches of knowledge just a physics and not as a sub topic of literary studies as it is often considered .

◼️ Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to music, paintings , rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method .

                  The criticism of literature is much more hampered by the representational of fallacy then even the criticism of painting. That this is why we are apt to think of narrative as a sequential representation of events in outside "life" and of meaning as a reflection of some external "idea." properly used as critical term, an author's narrative is his linear movement: his  meaning is the integrity of his a completed form. Similarly an image is not merely a verbal replica of an external object but any unit of verbal structure seen as part of total pattern or rhythm .

♦️ Music & painting :-

                      Some art moves in time, like music; other are presented in a space, like painting. In both causes the organising principle is the recurrence, which is called rhythm when it is temporal and pattern when it is spatial . Literature seems to be intermediate betweenm musicand painting: its words form rhythms  which approach a musical sequence of sound at one of it boundaries, and from patterns which approach the hieroglyphics or pictorial image at the other .

♦️ Rhythm :-

                         Rhythm is deeply found on the natural cycle, and everything in natural that we think of as having some analogy with work of art, like the flower or the bird’s song grows out of a profound synchronization between  an organization and the rhythms of its environment especially that of the solar year. With animals some expressions of synchronization, like the mating dances of birds, could almost be called rituals . But in human life ritual seems to be something of a voluntary effort to recapture a lost rapport with the natural cycle .

♦️ Patterns :-
            
                   Patterns of imagery, on the other hand, or fragments of significance, are oracular in origin, and derive from the epiphanic moment, the flash of instantaneous comprehension with no direct reference to time, the importance of which is indicated by Cassirer in Myth and Language. By the time we get them, in the form of proverbs, riddles,commandments, and etiological folk tales, there is already a considerable element of narrative in them .

♦️ Refer to the Indian seasonal grade. If you can, please read small Gujarati or Hindi or English poem from the archetypal approach and  apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation. 

                    " મોર બની થનગાટ કરે "  is traditional Gujarati  song written by Gujarati poet and social reformer Zaverchand Meghani . In this poem poet describe the beauty of monsoon . Here we find that મોર means peacock is  symbol of love and happiness . 

♣️ Religion and Literature :-

                         we all know that India literature is influenced by religion. " Vedas"  are the most ancient Indian literature. Puranas and two great epics ramayan and mahabharat hold considerable significance even today. Religious influence upon Indian literature made a transition from oral to written . Religion has always been an integral part of the Literary tradition : many cononical  and non-cononical text engage extensively with religious ideas.

                      

Workshop On Cultural Study

Hello readers !

                    Welcome to my blog .  This is our thinking activity task given by Dr Dilip Barad sir upon the cultural study . We had attended very wonderful workshop on cultural study by Dr. Kalyani Vallath . She from Trivandrum, Kerala. Kalyani Vallath is an edu-entrepreneur who persuaded her doctoral degree from Canada University . We all know that culture is now considered as the source of art and literature . And also cultural study is  not a money but also about the creationships .

# what is your understanding about the concept of cultural studies :- 

                          Cultural study is it about diversity . Cultural studies interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of social institutions in the shaping of culture . Cultural studies emerged in Britain in the late 1950s and subsequently spread internationally , notably to the United States and Australia . Originally identified with the centre for contemporary cultural studies at the University of Birmingham and with the search scholar as Richard hoggart, Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams . cultural studies later become a well established field in many academic institution and it has a sales head broad influence in sociology, anthropology, historiography, literary criticism philosophy , literary criticism and art criticism .

                           Among cultural studies Central concern are the place of race or or ethnicity class and gender in the production of cultural knowledge .

# How would you explain a layman about cultural studies :-

                           Culture itself interdisciplinary when we study culture we are talk about politics and history. We all know that culture relates to the larger society, each community have a different culture . One layman play a vital roll in culture .

# How many examples from the session ware so catchy that you will never forget it ?

                             This is very fruitful session for me . And we learn so many new things and  know the importance of cultural studies and also it is  help us to understand how  culture play a vital role in our life . In this entire section kalyanima'am explain so many things like ,

• What is cultural study ?
• Frankfurt School
• Hegelian Dialectical method
• Dialectic of enlightenment
• Cultural industry
• New left
• New left in Britain
• New left in US
• Centre for contemporary cultural studies ( CCCS )
•  The pioneers : (1) Richard Hoggart

                               (2) E P Thompson

                               (3) Raymond Williams

• Cultural materialism
• Stuart Hall (1932 -2014)
• Archeology and Genealogy
• Power/ knowledge
• Cultural archipelago and panopticon
• Cultural intermediaries
• Bourdieu's Concept of fields and habitus
• Post-humanism
• Information society and network society
• Trauma studies
• Globalisation study : disjuncture
• Visual culture studies etc.

                               In this session ma'am gives many examples like " gullivers travel " , the fourth voyage of Gulliver the land of the Wouyhnhnms is also indicate the cultural study . And another example is "sexual politics" . Sexuality is an erena a power works. Cultural study is about the political dynamic mass media and everyday cultural practices . and also it is all about  contemporary world which is dominated by  mass media . And she also talk about  Appadurai's five Scapes : (1) Ethnoscape , (2) Media scape , (3) Technoscape , (4) Finanscape , (5) Ideoscap . This all the examples I never forgot .

Thank you.............

John Keats : Thinking Activity

Hello readers !

                  Welcome to my blog . This blog is part of my thinking activity task given by Heenaba zala ma'am . CLICK HERE to view about to task .

💠 John Keats

" Land and Sea , weakness and decline are great separators , but death is the great divorcer for ever ".

~ John Keats

                     John Keats  was an English romantic poet who lived during the 19th century . In his short- lived life he faced many ordeals and had to witness death and suffering that shaped him as a poet and reflects in his works. John Keats  interested love and death that firmed the essence of him and his creation . He was interested in both of them and even death captivated Keats as much as love . Death played a large and disproportionate role in the life of John Keats . Keats Concept of death is paradoxical in that it must necessarily a encompass a philosophy of life as well. The poet both intensely desired life and intensely desired death. Thus it is not  surprisingly to discover that Keats' attitude toward  death follows two contradictory lines of thoughts, both of which are evidenced in his poetry and letters. The first and more unique attitude is his association of death with things desirable . The four major concept with  which Keats associates death are rebirth and its related theme of sleep and dreams and hope of immorality, love, the transiency of joy and pleasure and also peace.

Shashi Tharoor and dark era of Inglorious empire

Hello readers !

                  Once again welcome to my world.  This is our thinking activity task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir on Shashi Tharoor and dark era of Inglorious empire . CLICK HERE to view about the task . So , first I would like to give some brief introduction about the Shashi Tharoor . So, let's go.

# Shashi Tharoor :-

" Western dictionaries define secularism as absence of religion but Indian secularism does not mean irreligiousness . It means profusion of religion ".

             Shashi Tharoor ( born 19 March 1956 ) is an Indian politician, writer and former international diplomat who is currently serving as  member of parliament , Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala . since 2009 . He also serves as  chairman of the parliamentary standing committee on Information Technology and all India professional Congress . He formerly served as Christian committee on external affairs ( 2014 to 2019 ).

                           Tharoor has been a columnist in each of  India's three best known English language newspapers ,

1. The Hindu

2.Times of India

3. Indian Express

                   His monthly column " India reawakening" distributed by project syndicate, appears in 80 newspapers around the world . He wrote many great works like ,

• An Era Of Darkness (2016)
• Why I Am A Hindu (2018)
• The Paradoxical Prime Minister (2018)
• The Great Indian Novel (2011)

# The Era Of Darkness :-

                 

                       The Era Off Darkness is published in 2016 . In An Era of Darkness, consummate debater and author Shashi Tharoor recreates The British Raj with all its horror and also elucidates the awe-inspiring struggle of India's freedom fighters . He gives us a valuable insight on how dark forces operate and on who are having us harbingers of hope . It is a valuable lesson at a time when thugs are masquerading as our saviour ..... At a time when debate has been reduced to a cacophony of slogans and insult by bhakts , Shashi Tharoor's writing , with it's expansive case studies and citations and sastained argument , all argumented by his Felicity of language , may just came as an eye opener to as all  ( Huffington Post ) .

                     'An Era of Darkness' is a non-fiction work of Dr. Shashi Tharoor which drastically changes the perception of colonized culture against the civilized colonizers. It also throws light on the adverse effects of the British on the Indian economy while colonialism was deeply rooted.